(C) 2010 Elsevier

Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A sex difference has been reported in the responsiveness of the vomeronasal (VN) AZD1208 cost system to pheromones. In the present study, to clarify a direct and acute influence of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) on the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) neurons, we investigated the effect of E2 on dendritic spines in cultured AOB cells derived from male and female neonatal rats. After 17-18 days in vitro (DIV), cultured AOB cells were transfected with GFP expression vectors. At 21-23 DIV, cells were treated with E2, and time-lapse images of transfected AOB neurons identified as granule cells were taken under a confocal laser scanning microscope for 3 h. The dendritic spine head area of granule cells was quantitatively evaluated, and spine heads were classified into larger (>= 1 mu m(2)) and smaller (<1 mu m(2)) ones before E2-treatment (0 h). In cultured cells derived from both sexes, the larger spines were not significantly changed at 1.2 and 3 h after E2-treatment. In contrast, E2-treatment significantly enlarged the head area of the smaller spines of granule cells derived from see more the female, whereas E2 did not cause any significant effects on those from the male. Our results provide evidence for the

sexually-dimorphic effect of E2 on spine development in AOB granule cells. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This paper presents qualitative and quantitative study of a TB mathematical model to test results from a survey carried out in Benin City, Nigeria. The purpose almost of the survey was to determine factors that could enhance the case detection rate of tuberculosis. Results from the survey identified four key factors that must be combined for an effective control of TB and increase the case detection rate: effective awareness programme, active cough identification, associated

cost factor for treatment of identified cases and effective treatment. The overall effect of these factors on the basic reproduction number under treatment, R(T), of the TB model was considered. In all, a serious concentration on tuberculosis awareness programmes and active cough identification as a marker for someone having TB was shown to significantly reduce the value of the reproduction number, hereby reducing the severity of the disease in the presence of treatment. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The cannabinoid system is known to interact with a variety of neuromodulators in the central nervous system and impacts diverse behaviors. Previous studies have demonstrated that limbic norepinephrine is a critical determinant in the behavioral expression of cannabinoid-induced aversion. The present study was carried out to define the adrenergic receptor subtype involved in mediating cannabinoid-induced behavioral responses. An acute microinjection of the beta 1-adrenergic receptor blocker, betaxolol, directly into the nucleus accumbens (Acb), was able to prevent WIN 55.