[23] Our study was designed to examine the response to visual stimulation with a rotating optokinetic drum in migraine patients compared with healthy controls by using both fMRI with its high spatial resolution and fTCD providing a high temporal resolution, thereby assessing changes in the activation

pattern of the visual cortex with attention to extrastriate areas relevant for motion processing as well as in the functional vasomotor reactivity and their lateralization. Eighteen patients (13 women, age range 18–54 years, mean 36.0 ± 11.8) with migraine with aura (MA) according to the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society[24] and 18 age- and sex-matched Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor healthy controls with no history of neurological or psychiatric disease (13 women, age range 21–55, mean 36.5 ± 11.4) were recruited for the study. All subjects were right-handed. Patients were studied in a headache-free period, at least

72 hours after the last attack. The local Institutional Review Board (Medical Ethics Committee II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg) approved the study. Informed consent was obtained in written form from all subjects. For the subjects’ characteristics, see Table 1. The visual stimulus for both fMRI and fTCD examination was a vertically rotating optokinetic drum with complex colored comic figures, as described in previous studies.[3, 20] Subjects were instructed to look at and pursuit the moving images on the drum revolving 10 times per minute. Functional TCD and MRI measurements were Ku-0059436 price conducted consecutively in the same session. As first examination, we performed

the trans-temporal TCD recording from the P2 segments of both posterior cerebral arteries (PCA) simultaneously with a four-channel TCD scanner (DWL Multidop X, Compumedics Germany GmbH, Singen, Germany) with 2-MHz pulsed-wave Doppler 上海皓元 transducers affixed to a headband during visual stimulation with 10 averaged cycles of a 20-second “on” phase followed by a 20-second “off” phase (eyes closed). During the subsequent fMRI measurement, the stimulus was presented as a movie with the use of the “integrated functional imaging system” (Invivo, Orlando, FL, USA) via a liquid crystal display screen attached to the MRI head coil (see Fig. 1 —). Subjects with visual impairment were provided with MR-compatible corrective lenses. The MR scan was performed on a 1.5-T whole body scanner (Magnetom Sonata, Siemens Medical, Erlangen, Germany). A three-dimensional T1w whole brain data set was acquired (magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo imaging; repetition time [TR]/echo time [TE]/flip angle/field of view [FOV] = 1.800 milliseconds/3.33 milliseconds/8°/240 mm) for anatomical reference with a voxel size of 1.3 × 1.3 × 1.2 mm3.