[32]. The end-point of this study is Grade 2 or more fibrosis or fat necrosis. Toxicity was defined as late if it occurred ≥ 6 months after radiotherapy. All subjects enrolled in the study provided selleck compound a blood sample, approximately 5 ml, in sterile tubes containing ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA). Whole blood samples for DNA analyses were immediately frozen at -80°C until processing. Total genomic DNA of samples was extracted from blood leukocytes using the kit QIAmp (DNA blood Mini Kit, Qiagen, Valencia, CA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.

DNA quality was evaluated by spectrophotometer analysis (NanoDrop instrument). PCR reactions for these learn more polymorphic genes were performed as Real Time PCR using Rotorgene Instrument (Corbett) following PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) conditions provided by the manufacturer’s instructions. The polymorphic genes: XRCC3 C18067T Napabucasin datasheet (Thr241Met), XRCC3 A4541G (5′-UTR untranslated region), XRCC1 G28152A (Arg399Gln), GSTP1 A313G (Ile105Val) RAD51 G135C (untranslated region including in the commercial kits for Radiotherapy Response) (Diatech company) were evaluated. The polymorphic genes were analyzed using Pyrosequencing technologies (instrument

PyroMark MD-Biotage, Uppsala, Sweden) according to a previously published method [33]. The first step of the study was designed to correlate SNPs of genes and acute effects (i.e. www.selleck.co.jp/products/sorafenib.html erythema) [34]. We assumed an erythema rate of 20% and 54% in patient groups at low and high risk, respectively, (groups were identified based on the absence/presence of the above polymorphisms alone or in combination). Thus the minimum sample size was 56 patients with α = 0.05, 2-tailed test and a power of the study of 80%. More radiosensitive patients are expected to show an increased number of acute, as well as, late effects.

Thus, we also decided to investigate in a second step the late fibrosis/fat necrosis and the following polymorphisms: XRCC3 C18067T (Thr241Met), XRCC3 A4541G (5′-UTR), XRCC1 G28152A (Arg399Gln), GSTP1 A313G (Ile105Val) and RAD51 G135C (untranslated region). Moreover, we also analyzed combined genotypes according to data from literature. Tests for statistical significance were performed with the chi-square and t-test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), Chi-squared and Fisher exact (2-sided) tests were calculated. An OR > 1.0 indicates an increased risk of fibrosis in patients with polymorphic gene. All tests were two-sided and considered to be statistically significant with a p-value of p = 0.05. Results To these study purposes, i.e. determining polymorphisms predicting late toxicity, we recruited 57 patients treated with SSPBI from March 2006 to January 2008. Out of 57 patients, 15 (26%) were also treated with adjuvant non-concomitant chemotherapy.