Effective telaprevir minimum were plasma concentrations (Cmin) approximately five-fold higher than the 90% maximal effective concentration (EC90) as determined by the replicon system.8 Therefore, in order to selleck achieve narlaprevir exposures that would demonstrate potent antiviral activity, the doses administered in this study (800 mg narlaprevir three times daily and 400 mg narlaprevir with 200 mg ritonavir twice daily) were targeted to attain a therapeutic exposure and a mean Cmin at least five- to 10-fold above the replicon assay EC90 value of 40 nM (≈28 ng/mL). We report the safety and tolerability

of narlaprevir administered at two dose levels as monotherapy and in combination with PEG-IFN-α-2b in 40 treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients infected with HCV genotype 1. We also present the antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic profile of narlaprevir and the response to SOC (PEG-IFN-α-2b/RBV) following the completion of narlaprevir administration. AE, adverse event; Cmin, minimum plasma concentration; CYP3A4, cytochrome P450-3A4; EC90, 90% maximal effective concentration; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NS3, nonstructural protein 3; PEG-IFN-α-2b, pegylated interferon α-2b; RBV, ribavirin; RVR, rapid viral response; SOC, standard of care; SVR, sustained virological Pembrolizumab in vitro response.

This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, two-period phase 1b study was conducted at three sites in The Netherlands. Narlaprevir dosing was conducted at a single site as an inpatient study; SOC was administered on an outpatient basis. Study medication (PegIntron, Rebetol, and narlaprevir) was supplied by Schering-Plough Research Institute. Ritonavir (Norvir; Abbott

Laboratories) was also used in this study. Narlaprevir and matched-placebo were administered as an amorphous suspension. The study was conducted as a two-period, fixed-sequence study in 40 HCV genotype 1–infected patients enrolled in four cohorts (Fig. 1). Cohorts 1 and 3 each included 10 patients naïve to HCV treatment; cohorts 2 and 4 each included 10 HCV treatment-experienced patients. In each cohort, patients 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 were randomized in a 4:1 ratio to either narlaprevir (n = 8) or placebo (n = 2) according to a computer-generated random code. Treatment was prepared and dispensed in a blinded fashion by a third party for administration to the patients. The third party was not involved with the study procedures, assessments, or data recording and did not reveal the randomization during the study according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines.19 During period 1, patients received either 800 mg narlaprevir (or placebo) three times daily (cohorts 1 and 2) as monotherapy or 400 mg narlaprevir (or placebo) in combination with 200 mg ritonavir twice daily (cohorts 3 and 4) for 7 consecutive days. There was a washout period of approximately 4 weeks between the final treatment administration in period 1 and the first treatment in period 2.