hiv-druginteractions.org) is an

excellent and highly recommended resource for information relating to potential drug interactions. Additional information resources also include the electronic selleck kinase inhibitor medicines compendium (http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc) and medical information departments of pharmaceutical companies. Communication with GPs and other medical specialties involved in patient care is fundamental in minimizing the risk of adverse DDIs. All clinic letters should carry as a standard header or footer advice to check for interactions, and links to resources, such as http://www.hiv-druginteractions.org, to address the potential for drug interactions. We recommend against the unselected use of TDM (GPP). TDM may be of clinical value in specific populations (e.g. children, pregnant women) or selected clinical scenarios (e.g. malabsorption, drug interactions, suspected non-adherence to therapy). TDM has been shown to be valuable in optimizing the management of certain patients; however, the general utility of this test in patients receiving ART has been poorly assessed. With the marked improvement in efficacy and tolerability of modern ARV regimens, the role of TDM in clinical management has also evolved. A Cochrane review

of RCTs [9] suggested little value when used unselectively. However, TDM may aid the management of vulnerable populations or complex clinical situations. Monitoring adherence. While detection of drug at therapeutic or even high plasma concentrations does not exclude low adherence, absence of measurable drug, or else very low levels of drug, strongly Z-VAD-FMK suggest lack of medication intake, particularly in the absence of evidence of significant malabsorption. Here, TDM should rarely be interpreted in isolation, but rather integrated with virological rebound, particularly

in the Rolziracetam absence of any resistance mutations and other features in the history that suggest risk for low treatment adherence. Optimizing treatment in vulnerable patients (e.g. children, pregnant women and patients with extremes of body mass index) or in specific clinical situations (e.g. liver and renal impairment, treatment failure, drug interactions both foreseen and unanticipated, malabsorption, suspected non-adherence and unlicensed once-daily dosing regimens). In these scenarios, the aim is to optimize dosing based either on known efficacy or toxicity cut-offs, or else to achieve the range of plasma concentrations encountered in patients without these factors, who have been recruited to pharmacokinetic studies at licensed treatment doses that are known to be both safe and efficacious. Managing drug interactions (see above). Where the HIV drug has the potential to be adversely affected by another drug, and the combination is unavoidable, TDM may be used either to manage that interaction, or else discount a significant interaction in a particular patient. Other situations.