In our investigation, all saponins increased the IgG1 antibodies. This humoral response is induced learn more by whole saponins [23] but seems to be correlated to the carbohydrate deprived sapogenin nuclei [14] and [17]. A global increase of IgM and IgG3 antibodies by all adjuvants was described which is expected to occur in

response to carbohydrate enriched antigens [35] and saponins [14] and [17]. The sugar side chain in saponins may be essential to their adjuvanticity [reviewed in 22]. Soyasaponins that comprise sugar chain(s) have shown adjuvanticity stimulating anti-OVA total-IgG and IgG1 antibody responses while their corresponding aglycones soyasapogenols A and B, did not. The CP05 saponin of C. pulcherrima induced a strong antibody response that was maintained after removal of its monoterpene hydrophobic moiety but not after removal of the this website C-28 and or the C-3 attached glycosidic chains [14]. With the removal of these glycosidic chains the CP05 aglycone only sustained the IgG1 and the IgM response [14]. Oda et al. [25] described that the adjuvanticity of saponins increases with their hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB). Indeed, the capability of saponins to induce antibody responses increases with their hydrophilicity. Among bidesmosidic (two sugar

chains) soyasaponins, soyasaponin A1 with three sugars attached to C-3 induced stronger total-IgG and IgG1 antibody responses than soyasaponin A2 with only two sugar attached to C-3 Cediranib (AZD2171) [25]. An identical conclusion was obtained by Bernardo et al. [19] working with the PSAGLE saponin of Albizia saman. For monodesmosidic (one sugar chain) soyasaponins, the ranking in terms of antibody response was soyasaponin I (-glcA-gal-rha) > soyasaponin II (-glcA-ara-rha) > soyasaponin III (-glcA-gal) [25]. This means that a trisaccharide (soyasaponin I and II) chain is more potent than a disaccharide one (soyasaponin I), and that a residue of galactose in the trisaccharide chain of soyasaponin I that exposes one OH group turns the saponin more potent than a residue of arabinose which lacks this

OH group (soyasaponin II) [25]. Therefore, among saponins of the same sugar chain length, the more hydrophilic the sugar components are, the more potent the humoral response is. The C-28 attached chain of the C. alba CA3 saponin is composed of arabinose–rhamnose–apiose. The addition of one additional apiose sugar unit in the CA4 saponin is then expected to add hydrophilicity to the saponin [25] increasing its adjuvant potential. Our results with saponins of C. alba therefore, strongly support the previous conclusions of Oda et al. [25] stating that the adjuvant activity tended to increase with the sugar side chain length and the HLB value. Indeed, this investigation reported HLB values of 15.8 and 19.9 for CA3 and CA4 saponins, respectively.