\n\nMethods: A parasitological investigation was done on 78 specimens of B. bjoerkna and 114 of H. leucisculus. The fishes were collected from August 2009 to April 2010 by the electro fishing from Anzali Lagoon.\n\nResults: Eleven parasites species were found in 192 fish samples. The prevalence and mean intensity of parasites in each host were as follows: Parasites from B. bjorkna were Trichodina perforata (53.85%); Myxobolus musayevi (27.19%, 1 +/- 0.79); Dactylogyrus difformis Lonafarnib supplier (88.05%, 8 +/- 7.24) and D.

sphyrna (5.18%, 0.9 +/- 0.51), Diplostomum spataceum (98.72%, 9.51 +/- 9.01), Posthodiplostomum cuticula (15.38%, 4.25 +/- 2.5), Ripidocotyle sp. (1.28%, 2 +/- 0.74); Contracaecum osculatum (17.95%, 1.64 +/- 0.79), Philometra rischta (12.8%, 1.4 +/- 0.54), and Raphidascaris acus (1.04%, 0.03 +/- 0.26). The H. leucisculus were infected with T. perforata (27.19%), D. spataceum (7.89%, 1.33 +/- 0.54), Ps. tomentosa (7.02%, 1.62 +/- 0.49) and R. acus (0.88%, 3 +/- 0.28). B. bjoerkna was presented as a new host for M. musayevi and C. osculatum, while H. leucisculus was introduced as a new host for T. perforata and Ps. tomentosa.\n\nConclusion: The prevalence of parasites was significantly more in native fish than that of exotic fish (P<0.05). This reduction in parasitic infection in H. leucisculus Selleckchem SU5402 may be due to its immune system resistance, well

adaptation to the new environment, host-specific limitation for endemic parasites and disability of introduced parasite to complete its life cycle in the new host as well.”
“Current influenza vaccines afford substantial protection in humans by inducing

strain-specific neutralizing antibodies (Abs). Most of these Abs target highly variable immunodominant epitopes in the globular domain of the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Therefore, 4SC-202 clinical trial current vaccines may not be able to induce heterosubtypic immunity against the divergent influenza subtypes. The identification of broadly neutralizing Abs (BnAbs) against influenza HA using recent technological advancements in antibody libraries, hybridoma, and isolation of single Ab-secreting plasma cells has increased the interest in developing a universal influenza vaccine as it could provide life-long protection. While these BnAbs can serve as a source for passive immunotherapy, their identification represents an important step towards the design of such a universal vaccine. This review describes the recent advances and approaches used in the development of universal influenza vaccine based on highly conserved HA regions identified by BnAbs.”
“The high-mobility group (HMG) domain containing proteins regulate transcription, DNA replication and recombination. They adopt L-shaped folds and are structure-specific DNA binding motifs. Here, I define the L-motif super-family that consists of DNA-binding HMG-box proteins and the L-motif of the histone mRNA binding domain of stem-loop binding protein (SLBP).