6c). PTH resulted in significantly higher osteoclast

surface after the VC treatment but not after the ALN/DEX treatment. Likewise, significantly higher osteoblast surface by PTH was noted after the VC treatment but not after the ALN/DEX treatment (Fig. 6d). The ALN/DEX treatment had no apparent effect on osteoblast LY3039478 cost surface. The numbers of empty Thiazovivin cell line osteocyte lacunae and necrotic bone were significantly higher in the ALN/DEX-VC group versus control (Fig. 6e, f). PTH significantly reduced the numbers of empty osteocyte lacunae and presence of necrotic bone. Similarly, PTH significantly reduced the numbers of empty lacunae and necrotic bone when the VC-VC and VC-PTH groups were compared, suggesting that PTH promoted osteocyte survival. PMN infiltration was also significantly higher in the ALN/DEX-VC group and PTH significantly reduced PMNs in the ALN/DEX-PTH group (Fig. 6g). Connective tissue maturation as measured by collagen apposition was lower in the ALN/DEX-VC group vs. control (Fig. 6h); however, PTH significantly enhanced the collagen apposition regardless of presence or absence of the ALN/DEX treatment. There were no differences noted RG7112 in the numbers of blood vessels between groups (Fig. 6i). Fig. 6 Histomorphometric assessments of extraction wound healing. (a) Representative images of

frontal-sections of the extraction wounds. Six rats developed necrotic lesions in the ALN/DEX-VC group and only one in the ALN/DEX-PTH group. Both the ALN/DEX and PTH treatments resulted in significantly higher bone area vs. control (b). The ALN/DEX treatment significantly suppressed, and PTH after VC, significantly increased osteoclast surface (c). PTH significantly increased osteoblast surface after VC but not after ALN/DEX (d). Significantly higher numbers of empty

osteocyte lacunae and necrotic bone area were noted Fossariinae in the ALN/DEX-VC group vs. control. PTH suppressed the numbers of empty lacunae and necrotic bone area significantly after ALN/DEX and after VC (e, f). PMN infiltration was significantly higher in the ALN/DEX-VC group versus control. PTH dramatically suppressed PMN infiltration when given after ALN/DEX (g). Significantly lower collagen apposition was noted in the ALN/DEX-VC group vs. control. PTH increased collagen apposition significantly after ALN/DEX and after VC (h). No treatment regimen altered blood vessel numbers (i). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 versus control (VC-VC); †p < 0.05; ††p < 0.01 versus the ALN/DEX-VC group Discussion The ALN/DEX treatment resulted in high bone mass in both the tibia and jaw as anticipated [26]. However, its effect on osseous wound healing was distinct; the ALN/DEX treatment enhanced early osseous healing in the tibial wounds by increasing bone fill, while it impaired tooth extraction wound healing with exposed bone.