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“Background Thermophilic Campylobacter species, primarily Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli, are curved, Gram-negative organisms, belonging to the ε-Proteobacteria, and are the most Anlotinib manufacturer commonly recognized cause of acute bacterial diarrhea in the Western world [1–3]. Campylobacter lari is a relatively recently discovered thermophilic Campylobacter species that was first isolated from mammalian and avian species, particularly seagulls of the genus Larus [1, 4]. C. lari has also

been shown to be a cause of clinical infection [5–9]. In addition, an atypical group of isolates of urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter (UPTC) have been isolated from the natural environment in England in 1985 [10]. Thereafter, these organisms were described as a biovar or variant of C. lari [11, 12]. Subsequent reports described four human isolates in France [11, 13]. Some additional isolates of UPTC have also been reported in Northern Ireland [14–16] in The Netherlands [17] and in Japan [18, 19]. Thus, these two representative taxa, namely urease-negative (UN) C. lari and UPTC occur within the species of C. lari [20]. Bacterial pathogens

have the ability to bind to fibronectin (Fn; a component DihydrotestosteroneDHT datasheet of the extracellular matrix) [21–24]. Konkel et al. identified and cloned a gene encoding a fibronectin-binding protein (Campylobacter adhesin to Fn; CadF) from C. jejuni [22]. In C. jejuni and C. coli, the cadF virulence gene encodes a 37 kDa outer membrane protein that promotes the binding of these pathogens to intestinal epithelial cells [15]. In relation to cadF of thermophilic Campylobacter other than C. jejuni and C. coli described above, cadF and outer membrane protein gene F (OprF) have been identified in C. coli RM2228 (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank

accession number AAFL01000010 and ZP_00368187), C. lari RM2100 (AAFK01000002 and YP_002574995) and C. upsaliensis RM3195 (AAFJ01000008 and ZP_00371707), following whole genome shotgun sequence analysis [26]. However, no ��-Nicotinamide datasheet detailed descriptions of the cadF (oprF) gene have yet appeared for these thermophilic Campylobacter strains. In addition, no reports on Smoothened the cadF (-like) gene in C. lari organisms have yet appeared. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to clone, sequence and analyze the full-length gene encoding the Fn-binding (-like) protein (CadF) and its adjacent genetic loci from several C. lari organisms (UN C. lari and UPTC). We also aimed to confirm the expression of the gene in the C. lari cells. Results TA cloning, sequencing and sequence analyses of the full-length cadF gene and its adjacent genetic loci from the 16 isolates of C. lari The two primer pairs (f-/r-cadF1 and f-/r-cadF2; Figure 1) successfully amplified PCR products of approximately 1.4 and 1.2 [kilo base pairs (kbp)], respectively, with all 16 isolates of C. lari employed (data not shown). Following TA cloning and sequencing, the combined nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence data from the 16 isolates of C.