Methods:  A total of 247 patients who developed lamivudine-resistant HBV mutants, with an increase of HBV DNA ≥ 1 log copies/mL, received adefovir dipivoxil 10 mg add-on lamivudine 100 mg daily during a median of 115 weeks (range: 25–282 weeks). They were followed for the development of HCC by imaging

modalities every 3−6 months. Results:  HCC developed in 18 of the 247 (7.3%) patients. Eight factors were in significant association with the development of HCC by the univariate analysis. They included age, cirrhosis, platelet counts, levels of bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase Crizotinib clinical trial and α-fetoprotein, as well as YMDD mutants at the start of adefovir dipivoxil. By the multivariate analysis, AST levels, YIDD mutants, cirrhosis and age were independent factors for the development of HCC. By the Kaplan-Meier analysis, AST levels ≥ 70 IU/L, YIDD

mutants, cirrhosis and age ≥ 50 years increased the risk of HCC (P = 0.018, P = 0.035, P = 0.002 and P = 0.014, respectively). HCC developed more frequently in the patients with than without cirrhosis at the start of adefovir (10/59 [16.9%] vs. 8/188 [4.3%], P = 0.002). Conclusion:  HCC can develop in cirrhotic patients receiving adefovir add-on lamivudine. Hence, Selleckchem RG7420 the patients with baseline AST ≥ 70 IU/L and YIDD mutants would need to be monitored closely for HCC. “
“Several major forces converged to catalyze the formal emergence of a body of knowledge and an organized focus on disorders of the liver in early life. Attendant to the development of a focused clinical subspecialty the pace of patient- and laboratory-based research in the field quickened in parallel to decipher the consequences of genetic or metabolic aberrations on immature liver structure and function. The key research observations that catalyzed the emergence and subsequent rapid growth of Pediatric Hepatology include: (1) an understanding of the dynamic events occurring during hepatobiliary development and the importance of these physiologic variables that occur during

liver maturation; (2) the recognition of the unique nature of inherited and acquired liver diseases that affect infants and children—such 上海皓元 as biliary atresia and Reye’s syndrome; and (3) redefinition of the once obscure inherited intrahepatic cholestatic diseases of the liver, which, in turn, provided insight into normal and abnormal hepatobiliary physiology. The clinical advances were highlighted by the development of specific approaches to the diagnosis and management of liver disease in infants and children, including both liver transplantation and nontransplant treatment options. These seminal events led to the expansion of the workforce, creating a critical mass consisting of individuals with focused, specialized skills and techniques.

1E). Comparison of other lymphocyte subsets between IL-10 KO and Alpelisib concentration IL-10/IL-4 KO mice revealed only a slight and variable decrease in CD8+ T cell numbers in IL-10 KO animals (data not shown). Overall, the data supported the contention that IL-10 prevented hepatocyte

injury and accumulation of intestinally-derived CD4+ cells, whereas IL-4 was required for the development of hepatic necrosis. To investigate further the role of IL-4 in the liver during infection, we sought to determine which cell type(s) produced it. The majority of IL-4+ cells were CD4+; however, the percentage of CD4+IL-4+ cells in IL-10 KO mice was approximately twice that in WT mice (Fig. 2A). Most CD4+ cells in the liver are conventional CD4+ T cells, but some classical natural killer (NK) T cells also express CD4. To distinguish between contributions from these two cell

types, we stained cells for CD4, IL-4, and NK1.1. IL-4+ cells were gated, and the percentages of IL-4 expressing conventional CD4+ T cells versus NK T cells are shown in Fig. 2B. Almost all of the IL-4+ cells colocalized with VX-770 in vitro the CD4+NK1.1− population. Thus, CD4+ T cells were the major source of IL-4. Additionally, this population was expanded in IL-10 KO animals in comparison with WT mice. Because we previously discovered that an intestinal immune response was a prerequisite for hepatic MCE公司 inflammation, we asked if any CD4+NK1.1−IL-4+ cells were gut-derived. CCR9, like α4β7, is up-regulated on lymphocytes after activation within gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and is used as a marker of intestinal origin. 15 Infected IL-10 KO animals had significantly more IL-4+, intestinally

derived CD4+ T cells than WT mice (Fig. 2C). Previously, we noted that lesions in infected IL-10 KO mice contained an abundance of granulocytes, including neutrophils and eosinophils. IL-4 promotes eosinophil proliferation, recruitment, and effector functions, and its expression is elevated by T. spiralis infection. 16 This led us to ask if eosinophils were involved in the development of hepatic necrosis. We compared eosinophil infiltration in singly and doubly deficient mice after infection (Fig. 3A). As expected, IL-4 KO mice displayed reduced eosinophilia in comparison with WT animals. In contrast, eosinophil numbers were higher in infected IL-10 KO mice compared to WT animals. The hepatic eosinophil content in IL-10/IL-4 KO mice was similar to that in WT mice. Hence, eosinophil accumulation in the liver was inhibited by IL-10 and promoted by IL-4. We tested whether eosinophils were essential in the development of hepatic necrosis by mating IL-10 KO animals to eosinophil-deficient (PHIL) mice to generate mice lacking both IL-10 and eosinophils.

The ability of conventional ITI protocols involving high-dose FVIII infusion to reduce inhibitor titres may relate

to inhibiting the re-stimulation check details of FVIII-specific memory B cells and their differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. In vitro and in vivo experiments in a mouse model of haemophilia A indicated that inhibition of memory B cell responses correlated with FVIII dose (Fig. 11) and that inhibition was irreversible at an FVIII dose of 20 μg mL−1 [37]. Elimination of B cells with rituximab is a feasible approach to inhibitor eradication but is not a permanent solution in all patients. Although long-term inhibitor eradication has been reported in patients following successful ablation of B cell with rituximab, it is expected that most patients will experience inhibitor relapse after B-cell repopulation [43]. Application of anti-idiotypic antibodies presents another means of interfering with the B-cell-mediated immune response. In recent experiments, mice were infused with an inhibitory monoclonal antibody against FVIII (GMA8021; Green Mountain Antibodies, Burlington, VT, USA). Addition of a highly specific anti-idiotype (JkH5) blocked the effects of GMA8021in a concentration-dependent fashion such that FVIII residual activity increased in line with higher concentrations of JkH5. Is it possible go even further

and translate these findings into clinical applications? Currently, collaborations with investigators from several LY2157299 price major ITI studies including the International ITI Study and RES.I.ST allow the analysis of epitopes and IgG subclasses. The aim is to correlate molecular biology data with clinical outcomes and ITI course to increase understanding of the immune response, establish relevant biomarkers and improve prognosis for the patient. The success of ITI therapy depends largely on the inhibitor titre at the start of treatment. Other possible factors include genetic risk, type of concentrate (recombinant or plasma-derived), presence of danger signals (e.g. infections, surgery, immunizations etc). Data are also accumulating

which point to the influence of antibody signature on ITI course and success. Antibody epitopes have been shown to affect the reactivity of a patient’s plasma with different FVIII concentrates 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 in vitro [21-23, 25] as well as influence the course and success of ITI therapy [21, 24, 44, 45]. Van Helden and coworkers characterized the domain specificity of FVIII inhibitors in 11 patients with haemophilia receiving ITI [45]. In five patients, the relative contribution of anti-light chain or A2 inhibitors changed during the course of treatment. Antibodies directed towards the A2 domain of FVIII were observed in more patients who failed ITI, whereas antibodies exclusively directed towards the light chain were seen predominantly in patients who achieved successful tolerization.

Interferon-α is the only approved therapy for chronic hepatitis D, but treatment remains unsatisfactory. “
“Despite the high prevalence of fatty liver disease, the safety of liver resection in settings of steatohepatitis (SH) or hepatic steatosis is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether underlying SH or simple hepatic steatosis increases morbidity after liver resection. We compared patients undergoing

liver resection with underlying SH or greater than 33% simple hepatic steatosis to controls selected for similar demographics, diagnoses, comorbidities, preoperative chemotherapy treatments, and extent of partial hepatectomy. Primary endpoints included postoperative overall and hepatic-related morbidity. One hundred and two patients with SH and 72 with greater than 33% simple hepatic steatosis who underwent liver resection from 2000 to 2011 were compared BMN673 to corresponding controls. There were no differences in extent or approach of liver resection, Vorinostat malignant indications, preoperative chemotherapy treatment, elements of metabolic syndrome, alcohol use history, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, age, or gender between patients

with SH or simple steatosis and corresponding controls. Ninety-day postoperative overall morbidity (56.9% versus 37.3%; P = 0.008), any hepatic-related morbidity (28.4% versus 15.7%; P = 0.043), surgical hepatic complications (19.6% versus 8.8%; P = 0.046), and hepatic decompensation (16.7% versus 6.9%; P = 0.049) were greater among SH patients, compared to corresponding controls. In contrast, there were no differences in postoperative overall morbidity (34.7% versus 44.4%; P = 0.310), any hepatic-related morbidity (19.4% versus 19.4%; P = 1.000), surgical hepatic complications (13.9% versus 9.7%; P = 0.606), or hepatic decompensation (8.3% versus 9.7%; P = 0.778) between simple hepatic steatosis patients and corresponding controls. Using 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 multivariable logistic regression, SH was independently associated with postoperative

overall (odds ratio [OR], 2.316; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.267-4.241; P = 0.007) and any hepatic-related (OR, 2.722; 95% CI: 1.201-6.168; P = 0.016) morbidity. Conclusion: Underlying SH, but not simple hepatic steatosis, increases overall and hepatic-related morbidity after liver resection. (HEPATOLOGY 2012) Because of the high prevalence of fatty liver disease (FLD), many patients considered for hepatic resection will have underlying hepatic steatosis or steatohepatitis (SH). Nonalcoholic FLD (NAFLD) is currently the most common chronic liver disease (CLD) in the United States, and nonalcoholic SH (NASH) affects 1%-12% of the population, based on cohort studies.1-4 This rise parallels similar increases in obesity, dyslipidemia, type II diabetes mellitus (DM), and metabolic syndrome (MetS).

“
“For this study, we have examined the literature and the morphological diversity, as well as analyzed the nuclear SSU rDNA sequences of two very common and cosmopolitan species formerly known as Euglena deses Ehrenb. and Euglena intermedia (G. A. Klebs) F. Schmitz. Our studies have shown that there is evidence for distinguishing only one species (E. deses). Here, we define new diagnostic features for E. deses, namely, periplast ornamentation (the presence of small papillae—discovered for the first time in this species) and the lateral location of the anterior buy Ivacaftor canal opening, from which the flagellum emerges. We also designate the epitype

and emend the diagnosis for E. deses. “
“The diazotrophic unicellular cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 demonstrates circadian patterns in nitrogenase activity, H2 production and glycogen storage when grown under nitrogen-fixing, 12:12 light:dark (L:D) conditions. In this study, we grew Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142, and another strain in this genus, Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822, under long-day (16:8 L:D) and short-day (8:16 L:D) nitrogen-fixing conditions to determine if they continued to display circadian rhythms. Both strains demonstrated similar circadian patterns for all three metabolic parameters when grown under long-day conditions. However, the strains responded differently to short-day Deforolimus manufacturer growth conditions.

Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 retained reasonable circadian patterns under 8:16 L:D conditions, whereas Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822 had quite damped patterns without a clear circadian pattern. In particular, glycogen storage changed 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 very little throughout the day and we ascribe this to the difference in the type

of glycogen granules in Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822 which has small β-granules, compared to the large, starch-like granules in Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142. The results suggested that both mechanistic and regulatory processes play a role in establishing the basis for these metabolic oscillations. “
“Brown algae of the order Laminariales, commonly referred to as kelps, are the largest and most productive primary producers in the coastal inshore environment. The genus Ecklonia (Lessoniaceae, Phaeophyceae) consists of seven species with four species in the Northern Hemisphere and three in the Southern Hemisphere. It was recently transferred to the family Lessoniaceae based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and chloroplastic markers, though the type of the genus was not included and its relationship to allied genera Eckloniopsis and Eisenia remained unresolved. The present study is the first to produce a phylogeny focussed on the genus Ecklonia. It included sequences from nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplastic DNA, for most of the distribution range of the three current Southern Hemisphere species (E. radiata, E.

To this end, the second international forum on HIV and Liver Disease was convened in Jackson Hole, WY, in September 2008. The first forum, held 2 years earlier was previously summarized in HEPATOLOGY, and has been widely cited by experts in the field.1 However, the fast-moving nature of this critical health issue led to development of a second meeting, supported by grants from three institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [NIAID], National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [NIDDK], and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism selleck inhibitor [NIAAA]) and

by unrestricted grants provided by the pharmaceutical industry. As before, the meeting sought to bring together basic and clinical researchers representing multiple disciplines including hepatology, infectious diseases, epidemiology, virology, and drug development as well as governmental experts in health policy, research, and research funding. This document

provides a summary of key presentations and highlights the current state of knowledge and future directions this field will take. HIV prevalence in the United States is increasing due to the stable www.selleckchem.com/products/cx-4945-silmitasertib.html incidence of HIV (estimated at 53,600 cases/year in 2006) and the longer life expectancy attributable to widespread use of effective antiretroviral therapies. This pattern permits non-HIV defining processes to predominate as major causes of morbidity and mortality. New infection with

HIV is primarily transmitted from persons who do not know that they are infected with HIV, and this observation represents a significant change compared to historical data regarding HIV transmission.2 Furthermore, HIV disproportionately affects African-Americans, Hispanics, men who have sex with men (MSM), and those living in the southern United States. The rate of new infection in MSMs appears MCE to be increasing.3, 4 Recent recommendations from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to broaden screening for HIV may result in an increase in new cases referred to the hepatologist or gastroenterologist. Shared mechanisms of transmission lead to high coinfection rates with both hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) among those with HIV infection. However, rates of infection are highly variable and depend on the nature of shared risk. Current estimates of HCV disease burden suggest that between 250,000 and 300,000 individuals in the United States are coinfected with HCV and HIV.5, 6 Worldwide, rates of coinfection are highly variable. In sub-Saharan Africa, rates of HCV/HIV may be as low as 2%–3% of the HIV-infected population.6 This reflects the predominant mode of HIV transmission, heterosexual exposure, which is relatively inefficient for HCV viral spread. In contrast, reports of acute HCV infection among MSMs appear to be increasing.

Results: LPS levels in the Ishak 6 group were significantly elevated compared to other groups. Interestingly, all HCV patient groups (Ishak 0, 5, and 6) had significantly increased levels of pepti-doglycan, and BDG, compared to healthy donors. sCD163 levels were significantly different between Ishak 6 and both Ishak 0 and 5, and between the uninfected controls and all 3 Ishak scores in the HCV patients. sCD163 levels were highest in the cirrhotic patients and lowest in uninfected patients. Cirrhotic patients showed

a significant increase in both LPS and sCD14 levels compared to other groups, however LPS levels did not show a correlation with sCD14. sCD163 was correlated with sCD14 (r = 0.39, P < 0.0001). In addition, Talazoparib datasheet sCD163 was correlated with LPS as well as BDG, but not with peptidoglycan. Conclusions: Patients with early stages of cirrhosis have significantly elevated bacterial and fungal products in their sera. This suggests that there is greater microbial translocation than expected or that the removal of microbial products from blood is less effective than normal at all stages of HCV infection. The correlation between sCD14 and sCD163 suggests that there exists a broad activation of macrophages in cirrhotic patients, possibly in response to microbial products.

Ixazomib cost Taken together, these experiments suggest that presence of microbial products and an activated immune response in patient serum may be an important indicator of liver disease progression. The biological role of microbial translocation in this setting remains to be explored. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Mi Sun Moon, Alyson Bradshaw, Christopher Koh, Sandra J. Page, Theo Heller Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor for MCE公司 the onset and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which appears to be principally related to chronic

local inflammation and fibrosis. Nevertheless, in vitro studies have shown that HCV proteins can directly interact with cell cycle regulators, tumour suppressor or oncogenes which might trigger carcinogenic processes. Our goal was to assess in vivo hepa-tocyte cell cycle perturbation(s) by HCV proteins after an acute liver injury (CCl4) using 10–12 month-old FL-N/35 transgenic mouse model expressing the full HCV-ORF. Early after CCl4 challenge, no differences in the expression of immediate-early genes, growth factors or cytokines were observed between FL-N/35 mice and wild-type littermates (wt), suggesting that cell cycle initiation steps are not perturbed by HCV protein expression. However, cyclin-A expression and BrdU incorporation at cell S-phase entry were delayed in FL-N/35 mice compared to wt. In addition, histological quantifications showed that mitotic hepatocytes were significantly less abundant in the parenchyma of transgenic mice than in their wt counterparts after CCl4 injection.

Glucocorticoids were administered in 8 patients (72.7%) and relief of abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding was obtained. Conclusion: The adult HSP with gastrointestinal involvement is a

disease of variable manifestations and proned to be misdiagnosed. Familiar with the clinical and endoscopic characteristics is essential for early diagnosis of the adult HSP. Steroids are effective for relief of abdominal symptoms. Key Word(s): 1. Henoch-Schonlein; 2. Adult; 3. Abdominal Pain; 4. Hemorrhage; Presenting Author: GANGWEI CHEN Additional Authors: MEICHUN YANG, YANXIAO LIU, CHENGUO SHANG, QIUYAN XU, YONG ZHENG Corresponding Author: GANGWEI CHEN Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital PLX4032 chemical structure of the Ponatinib in vivo Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang. Objective: Aberrant p16 methylation is very common in esophageal cancer (EC) and may serve as an early biomarker. Our aim was to determine the relationship between methylation of the p16 promoter and the incidence of esophageal cancer in Kazakh Chinese in the Xinjiang autonomous region of China. Methods: Thirty patients with

esophageal cancer and 60 normal individuals were recruited from Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, an area with a high prevalence of esophageal cancer. We used MALDI-TOF to detect p16 promoter methylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues from EC patients, as well as in tissues from healthy controls. Results: We found significant differences in the mean of CpG methylation rates in EC and normal esophageal (43.04% and 0.815%, respectively; P < 0.05). In EC patients, the mean methylation rates of CpG 11–12 and CpG 33–34–35 were 3.07% and 0.61%, respectively, which was markedly higher than rates in normal esophageal

tissues (33.33% and 0.13%, respectively; P < 0.05). Conclusion: The p16 promoter methylation status is correlated with the presence of EC in Kazakh Chinese. Changes in the methylation of CpG 11–12 and/or CpG 33–34–35 of the p16 gene may lead to the development of EC. Key Word(s): 1. esophageal cancer; 2. p16 gene; 3. methylation; 4. Kazakh Chinese; Presenting 上海皓元 Author: YANXIAO LIU Additional Authors: ZHIYAN HAN, XIULI SONG, CHENGUO SHANG, XUE KANG, GANGWEI CHEN Corresponding Author: GANGWEI CHEN Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang. Objective: To investigate the expression and significance of transcription factor YY1 in tissue and peripheral blood of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Xinjiang Kazak. Methods: The expression of YY1 genes were detected in 40 cases of esophageal cancer and non-esophageal cancer tissues and peripheral blood by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Glucocorticoids were administered in 8 patients (72.7%) and relief of abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding was obtained. Conclusion: The adult HSP with gastrointestinal involvement is a

disease of variable manifestations and proned to be misdiagnosed. Familiar with the clinical and endoscopic characteristics is essential for early diagnosis of the adult HSP. Steroids are effective for relief of abdominal symptoms. Key Word(s): 1. Henoch-Schonlein; 2. Adult; 3. Abdominal Pain; 4. Hemorrhage; Presenting Author: GANGWEI CHEN Additional Authors: MEICHUN YANG, YANXIAO LIU, CHENGUO SHANG, QIUYAN XU, YONG ZHENG Corresponding Author: GANGWEI CHEN Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital selleckchem of the Selleckchem AZD0530 Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang. Objective: Aberrant p16 methylation is very common in esophageal cancer (EC) and may serve as an early biomarker. Our aim was to determine the relationship between methylation of the p16 promoter and the incidence of esophageal cancer in Kazakh Chinese in the Xinjiang autonomous region of China. Methods: Thirty patients with

esophageal cancer and 60 normal individuals were recruited from Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, an area with a high prevalence of esophageal cancer. We used MALDI-TOF to detect p16 promoter methylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues from EC patients, as well as in tissues from healthy controls. Results: We found significant differences in the mean of CpG methylation rates in EC and normal esophageal (43.04% and 0.815%, respectively; P < 0.05). In EC patients, the mean methylation rates of CpG 11–12 and CpG 33–34–35 were 3.07% and 0.61%, respectively, which was markedly higher than rates in normal esophageal

tissues (33.33% and 0.13%, respectively; P < 0.05). Conclusion: The p16 promoter methylation status is correlated with the presence of EC in Kazakh Chinese. Changes in the methylation of CpG 11–12 and/or CpG 33–34–35 of the p16 gene may lead to the development of EC. Key Word(s): 1. esophageal cancer; 2. p16 gene; 3. methylation; 4. Kazakh Chinese; Presenting medchemexpress Author: YANXIAO LIU Additional Authors: ZHIYAN HAN, XIULI SONG, CHENGUO SHANG, XUE KANG, GANGWEI CHEN Corresponding Author: GANGWEI CHEN Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang. Objective: To investigate the expression and significance of transcription factor YY1 in tissue and peripheral blood of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Xinjiang Kazak. Methods: The expression of YY1 genes were detected in 40 cases of esophageal cancer and non-esophageal cancer tissues and peripheral blood by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Glucocorticoids were administered in 8 patients (72.7%) and relief of abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding was obtained. Conclusion: The adult HSP with gastrointestinal involvement is a

disease of variable manifestations and proned to be misdiagnosed. Familiar with the clinical and endoscopic characteristics is essential for early diagnosis of the adult HSP. Steroids are effective for relief of abdominal symptoms. Key Word(s): 1. Henoch-Schonlein; 2. Adult; 3. Abdominal Pain; 4. Hemorrhage; Presenting Author: GANGWEI CHEN Additional Authors: MEICHUN YANG, YANXIAO LIU, CHENGUO SHANG, QIUYAN XU, YONG ZHENG Corresponding Author: GANGWEI CHEN Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital CHIR99021 of the see more Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang. Objective: Aberrant p16 methylation is very common in esophageal cancer (EC) and may serve as an early biomarker. Our aim was to determine the relationship between methylation of the p16 promoter and the incidence of esophageal cancer in Kazakh Chinese in the Xinjiang autonomous region of China. Methods: Thirty patients with

esophageal cancer and 60 normal individuals were recruited from Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, an area with a high prevalence of esophageal cancer. We used MALDI-TOF to detect p16 promoter methylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues from EC patients, as well as in tissues from healthy controls. Results: We found significant differences in the mean of CpG methylation rates in EC and normal esophageal (43.04% and 0.815%, respectively; P < 0.05). In EC patients, the mean methylation rates of CpG 11–12 and CpG 33–34–35 were 3.07% and 0.61%, respectively, which was markedly higher than rates in normal esophageal

tissues (33.33% and 0.13%, respectively; P < 0.05). Conclusion: The p16 promoter methylation status is correlated with the presence of EC in Kazakh Chinese. Changes in the methylation of CpG 11–12 and/or CpG 33–34–35 of the p16 gene may lead to the development of EC. Key Word(s): 1. esophageal cancer; 2. p16 gene; 3. methylation; 4. Kazakh Chinese; Presenting medchemexpress Author: YANXIAO LIU Additional Authors: ZHIYAN HAN, XIULI SONG, CHENGUO SHANG, XUE KANG, GANGWEI CHEN Corresponding Author: GANGWEI CHEN Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang. Objective: To investigate the expression and significance of transcription factor YY1 in tissue and peripheral blood of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Xinjiang Kazak. Methods: The expression of YY1 genes were detected in 40 cases of esophageal cancer and non-esophageal cancer tissues and peripheral blood by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).