Genet Med 14(4):405–410. doi:10.​1038/​gim.​2012.​21 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Green RC, Berg JS, Grody WW, Kalia SS, Korf BR, Martin CL, McGuire AL, Nussbaum RL, O’Daniel JM, Ormond KE, Rehm HL, Watson MS, Williams MS, Biesecker LG (2013) ACMG recommendations for reporting of incidental findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing. Genet Med 15(7):565–574PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Halverson CM, Ross LF (2012) Engaging African-Americans about biobanks and the return of research results. J Community Genet 3(4):275–283PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef HAMG (2013) Hellenic Association of Medical Genetics – Συνδεσμος MAPK Inhibitor Library Ιατρων Γενετιστων Ελλάδος – Η ιστορία του συνδέσμου http://​www.​sige.​gr/​newgr/​index.​php?​option=​com_​content&​task=​view&​id=​15&​Itemid=​31. Accessed 25 Oct 2013 Heger M (2013) Arup adopts ACMG guidelines on incidental findings

for its ‘symptom-guided’ exome see more test Hickner J (2013) Will screening open Pandora’s box? J Fam Pract 62(9):465PubMed HSMG (2011) Hellenic Society of Medical Genetics http://​www.​hsmg.​gr/​index.​php?​id=​2&​L=​1. Accessed 08 Apr 2014 International Declaration on Human Genetic Data (2003) UNESCO. http://​portal.​unesco.​org/​en/​ev.​php-URL_​ID=​17720&​URL_​DO=​DO_​TOPIC&​URL_​SECTION=​201.​html. Accessed 18 Dec 2013 Intergenetics (2014) http://​www.​intergenetics.​eu/​home+M52087573ab​0.​html. Accessed 27 Jan 2014 Kass NE, Medley AM, Natowicz MR, Hull SC, Faden RR, Plantinga L, Gostin LO (2007) Access to health insurance: experiences and attitudes of those with genetic versus non-genetic medical conditions. Am J Med Genet A 143A(7):707–717PubMedCrossRef Klitzman R, Appelbaum PS, Carnitine dehydrogenase Chung W (2013) Return of secondary genomic findings vs patient autonomy: implications for medical

care. JAMA 310(4):369–370PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Knoppers BM, Rioux A, Zawati MH (2013) Pediatric research ‘personalized’? International perspectives on the return of results. Per Med 10(1):89–95CrossRef Lawrenz F, Sobotka S (2008) Empirical analysis of current approaches to incidental findings. J Law Med Ethics 36(2):249–255, 211PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Lemke A, Bick D, Dimmock D, Simpson P, Veith R (2012) Perspectives of clinical genetics professionals toward genome sequencing and incidental findings: a survey study. Clin Genet. doi:10.​1111/​cge.​12060 PubMedCentralPubMed Lohn Z, Adam S, Birch P, Townsend A, Friedman J (2013) Genetics professionals’ perspectives on reporting incidental findings from clinical genome-wide sequencing. Am J Med Genet A 161A(3):542–549PubMedCrossRef Lumbreras B, Donat L, Hernández-Aguado I (2010) Incidental findings in imaging diagnostic tests: a systematic review. Br J Radiol 83(988):276–289. doi:10.

rubra DSM 19751T (unpublished Smoothened Agonist ic50 data). Under conditions of carbon starvation, cells of C. litoralis had a strong tendency to aggregate and to form flocs in liquid medium. Floc formation in this strain is promoted probably by the production and excretion of pili, which can be recognized as meshwork between cells in transmission electron micrographs of cell aggregates (Lünsdorf H., personal communication). A similar phenomenon was reported previously for the oligotrophic marine alphaproteobacterium

Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique [28]. The formation of flocs was also regularly observed in H. rubra under conditions of nutrient deprivation and occasionally in Chromatocurvus halotolerans, but totally absent in Ivo14T. Colonies of Ivo14T appeared on Marine Agar 2216 after an incubation time of approx. 7 days at 28°C and were dark red, round, concave, smooth and reached a diameter of 1 mm. In contrast, colonies of C. litoralis and Chromatocurvus halotolerans reached a diameter of approx. 2 mm and appeared already after 3 days. Growth of H. rubra on Marine Agar 2216 was strongly inhibited compared

to SYPHC agar, so that pin point colonies were only visible after BGB324 an incubation period of 10 to 14 days. A diffusible brownish pigment produced by strain Chromatocurvus halotolerans DSM 23344T was not observed in the strains Ivo14T, H. rubra DSM 19751T and C. litoralis DSM 17192T. Photosynthetic apparatus and cytochrome composition In vivo absorption spectra of pigmented cells of strain Ivo14T revealed near-infrared peaks at 801 and 871 nm, indicating

presence of a reaction center embedded in a light-harvesting complex 1 (LH1). No indication of a peripheral LH2 complex was detected in whole-cells absorption spectra (Figure  2A). The near-infrared band of the BChl a incorporated in the LH1 complex of Ivo14T was significantly blue–shifted compared to the related species Chromatocurvus halotolerans and C. litoralis, which displayed peaks at 877 and 876 nm in the respective spectra. Interestingly, the whole-cells spectrum of H. rubra showed a clearly distinct profile PI-1840 with major peaks at 804 and 821 nm and only a small peak at 871 nm (Figure  2A). The observed spectrum indicates the presence of a peripheral LH3 complex accompanied by a small amount of the supposed LH1 complex. Light-harvesting complexes of the LH3 type were first described in the purple non-sulfur bacterium Rhodoblastus acidophilus incubated under low-light and/or low temperature conditions [29, 30]. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of a LH3 complex in an obligately aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium. In contrast to Rhodoblastus acidophilus the LH3 complex in H.

Ann Surg 2009,249(2):210–217. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181952888. PubMed PMID: 19212172PubMedCrossRef 4. Sethbhakdi S: Pathogenesis of colonic diverticulitis and diverticulosis.

Postgrad Med 1976,60(6):76–81. PubMed PMID: 792842PubMed 5. Morris CR, Harvey IM, Stebbings WS, Hart AR: Incidence of perforated diverticulitis and risk factors for death in a UK population. Br J Surg 2008,95(7):876–881. doi:10.1002/bjs.6226. PubMed PMID: 18509877PubMedCrossRef 6. Hart AR, Kennedy HJ, Stebbings WS, Day NE: How frequently do large bowel diverticula perforate? An incidence and cross-sectional study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000,12(6):661–665. PubMed PMID: 10912487PubMedCrossRef 7. Painter NS, Burkitt DP: Diverticular disease of the colon, a 20th century problem. Clin Gastroenterol 1975,4(1):3–21. PubMed PMID: NVP-LDE225 order 1109818PubMed 8. Painter NS: Diverticular disease selleck screening library of the colon. The first

of the Western diseases shown to be due to a deficiency of dietary fibre. South Afr Med J =Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde 1982,61(26):1016–1020. 9. Unlu C, Daniels L, Vrouenraets BC, Boermeester MA: A systematic review of high-fibre dietary therapy in diverticular disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012,27(4):419–427. doi:10.1007/s00384–011–1308–3. PubMed PMID: 21922199; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3308000PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 10. Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Wing AL, Trichopoulos DV, Willett WC: A prospective study of diet and the risk of symptomatic diverticular disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1994,60(5):757–764. PubMed PMID: 7942584PubMed 11. Painter NS, Truelove SC, Ardran GM, Tuckey M: Segmentation and the localization of intraluminal pressures in the human colon, with special reference click here to the pathogenesis of colonic diverticula. Gastroenterology 1965, 49:169–177. PubMed PMID: 14323727PubMed 12. Commane DM, Arasaradnam RP, Mills S, Mathers JC, Bradburn M: Diet, ageing and

genetic factors in the pathogenesis of diverticular disease. World J Gastroenterol: WJG 2009,15(20):2479–2488. PubMed PMID: 19468998; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2686906PubMedCrossRef 13. Trotman IF, Misiewicz JJ: Sigmoid motility in diverticular disease and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1988,29(2):218–222. PubMed PMID: 3345933; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1433293PubMedCrossRef 14. Bassotti G, Battaglia E, Spinozzi F, Pelli MA, Tonini M: Twenty-four hour recordings of colonic motility in patients with diverticular disease: evidence for abnormal motility and propulsive activity. Dis Colon Rectum 2001,44(12):1814–1820. PubMed PMID: 11742167PubMedCrossRef 15. Hinchey EJ, Schaal PG, Richards GK: Treatment of perforated diverticular disease of the colon. Adv Surg 1978, 12:85–109. PubMed PMID: 735943PubMed 16. Mayo WJWLB, Griffin HZ: Acquired diverticulitis of the large intestine. Surg Gynec Obst 1907, 5:8–15. Epub 17. Judd ES, Pollock LW: Diverticulitis of the Colon. Ann Surg 1924,80(3):425–438.

In the first place, the “flash,” “pulse,” and “steady state” communities live often in parallel universes; as a consequence, there are still many opportunities for a more integrated use of these techniques. selleck screening library In the second place, the currently available fluorescence devices can do much more than the few standard protocols that are most frequently used. As this educational review suggests, there are many aspects of fluorescence that can be studied with different devices best adapted for the study of these different aspects. Flash experiments can be used to study the electron transfer reactions within PSII, direct fluorescence measurements are best for the measurement

of the OJIP transients, which follow the reduction of the photosynthetic electron chain, and modulated measurements are best for steady state photosynthesis and

the study of light-induced regulatory mechanisms affecting the antenna of PSII. The power of fluorescence techniques can be increased considerably by simultaneously measuring other parameters, such as 820 nm transmittance changes (probing PSI) or CO2 assimilation. There are only a few basic principles that determine the yield of fluorescence. However, due to selleck chemicals the fact that it is sensitive to many processes that differ between photosynthetic organisms, light acclimation states, intactness of samples, and stress conditions, a myriad of responses has been documented in the eltoprazine literature. The fluorescence literature may often be confusing

and contradictory, but it contains a wealth of data and observations that we all need to understand. Only in that way, the wealth of information generated by past fluorescence research can be maximally exploited. The contributing authors are available to be contacted by researchers for further discussions on the application of Chl a fluorescence through the following website: https://​groups.​google.​com/​forum/​?​hl=​en#!forum/​chlorophyllfluor​escence where they will provide regular feedback. Acknowledgments The authors thank Govindjee (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA) for his support, assistance, and helpful comments during the preparation of the manuscript. The authors are also grateful to Dr Giles Johnson (University of Manchester, UK), Peter Hooda (Kingston University, UK), Dr. Mahendra Rai (SGB Amravati University, India), Dr. Szilvia Z. Tóth (Biological Research Centre Szeged, Hungary), and Dr. Gerald E. Edwards (Washington State University, USA) for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of this paper. M.H. Kalaji acknowledges Prof Helmut Lichtenthaler, Dr Ulrich Schreiber, Dr Alexandra Stirbet, and Dr Dusan Lazár for their encouragement. Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

Authors’ contributions SDC re-cultured the cell lines, ran all proliferation assays, and wrote the entire manuscript. SM organized the animal model, and oversaw all technical aspects of the model over the 8 week period. BFF performed weekly fundoscopic examinations, oversaw all gross and clinical histopathology for the entire model. CM was responsible for all blood extractions. JCM was responsible for all Ficoll-Paque processing throughout the model. EA performed all the immunohistochemistry. ANC was the second independent

pathologist who graded all the immunohistochemistry. WWD was responsible for the design of the blue light setup. MNB Revised the entire manuscript.”
“Introduction Intracavitary radiation in the form of low-dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy has been in use for the treatment of cervical cancer for nearly a century, although the method has been greatly refined. High-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy for carcinoma Proteases inhibitor of the cervix has been in use for over 30 years. LDR is defined as a dose of 0.4–2 Gray (Gy)/h, and HDR is defined as a dose of >12 Gy/h [1]. HDR is widely used throughout Asia and Europe, and its use is

steadily increasing in North and South Americas [2]. The Patterns of Care Studies show that, in the United States, the use of HDR for the treatment of cervical cancer increased from 9% during 1992–1994 to 16% during 1996–1999, although this increase did not reach MK0683 mouse significance[3]. LDR techniques were developed in an era when remote afterloading technology was unavailable, and remote afterloading techniques were developed due to concerns related to radiation exposure to health care workers. In more recent years, new technology has allowed remote afterloading brachytherapy to be given at LDR. The use of HDR brachytherapy is the result of technological development in the manufacture of high-intensity radioactive sources, sophisticated computerized remote afterloading

devices, and treatment planning software [4]. Several advantages of HDR brachytherapy, including rigid immobilization, outpatient treatment, patient convenience, accuracy of source and applicator positioning, individualized treatment with source optimization, and complete radiation protection for personnel have been claimed [5–7]. There P-type ATPase are nearly three decades of experience comparing HDR to LDR brachytherapy in the treatment of cervical carcinoma. The literature supporting HDR brachytherapy in the treatment of cervical carcinoma derives primarily from retrospective series [8–14]. However, controversy still persists regarding the efficacy and safety of HDR brachytherapy compared to low-dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy [2–4, 15]. In particular, due to inadequate tumor coverage for stage III patients, whether LDR or HDR brachytherapy produces better results for this patients in terms of survival rate, local control rate and treatment complications remain controversial.

ligand-dependent structures. Chem Mater 1996, 8:1978–1986.CrossRef 13. Seifert G: Clusters and Colloids. From Theory to Applications. Z Kristallogr 1995, 210:816–816.CrossRef 14. Belloni J: Metal nanocolloids. Curr Opin Colloid. PF-02341066 concentration Interface Sci 1996, 1:184–196. 15. Cushing BL, Kolesnichenko VL, O’Connor CJ: Recent advances in the liquid-phase syntheses of

inorganic nanoparticles. Chem Rev-Columbus 2004, 104:3893–3946.CrossRef 16. Long NN, Kiem CD, Doanh SC, Nguyet CT, Hang PT, Thien ND, Quynh LM: Synthesis and optical properties of colloidal gold nanoparticles. J Phys Conference Series 2009, 187:012026.CrossRef 17. Chen W, Cai W, Zhang L, Wang G, Zhang L: Sonochemical processes and formation of gold nanoparticles within pores of mesoporous silica. J Colloid Interface Sci 2001, 238:291–295.CrossRef 18. Darroudi M, Khorsand Zak A, Muhamad M, Huang N, Hakimi M: Green synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles by sonochemical method. Mater Lett 2012, 66:117–120.CrossRef 19. Scaiano JC, Billone P, Gonzalez CM,

selleck inhibitor Marett L, Marin ML, McGilvray KL, Yuan N: Photochemical routes to silver and gold nanoparticles. Pure Appl Chem 2009, 81:635–647.CrossRef 20. Akhavan A, Kalhor H, Kassaee M, Sheikh N, Hassanlou M: Radiation synthesis and characterization of protein stabilized gold nanoparticles. Chem Eng J 2010, 159:230–235.CrossRef 21. Kharisov BI, Kharissova OV, Méndez UO: Radiation Synthesis of Materials and Compounds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press;

2013.CrossRef 22. Henglein A: Physicochemical properties of small metal particles in solution: “microelectrode” reactions, chemisorption, composite metal particles, and the atom-to-metal transition. The J Phys Chem 1993, 97:5457–5471.CrossRef 23. Henglein A: Electronics of colloidal nanometer particles. Berichte der Bunsen-Gesellschaft 1995, why 99:903–913. 24. Belloni J: Nucleation, growth and properties of nanoclusters studied by radiation chemistry: application to catalysis. Catal Today 2006, 113:141–156.CrossRef 25. Marignier J, Belloni J, Delcourt M, Chevalier J: New microaggregates of non noble metals and alloys prepared by radiation induced reduction. Nature 1985, 317:344–345.CrossRef 26. Lee K-P, Gopalan AI, Santhosh P, Lee SH, Nho YC: Gamma radiation induced distribution of gold nanoparticles into carbon nanotube-polyaniline composite. Compos Sci Technol 2007, 67:811–816.CrossRef 27. Seino S, Kinoshita T, Nakagawa T, Kojima T, Taniguci R, Okuda S, Yamamoto TA: Radiation induced synthesis of gold/iron-oxide composite nanoparticles using high-energy electron beam. J Nanopart Res 2008, 10:1071–1076.CrossRef 28. Karim MR, Lim KT, Lee CJ, Bhuiyan MTI, Kim HJ, Park LS, Lee MS: Synthesis of core‒shell silver–polyaniline nanocomposites by gamma radiolysis method. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 2007, 45:5741–5747.CrossRef 29.

pneumoniae[10, 17]. In this context, the regulatory mechanisms of the neuraminidase locus expression are of importance. So far nearly all data on virulence and expression of the two loci containing neuraminidases LBH589 solubility dmso has been carried out on the nanAB locus only, since the D39 reference strain does not carry the nanC locus [18]. The main finding on expression of the nanAB locus reported its organisation in four predicted transcriptional units, of these the one harbouring NanA and the one encoding for the enzymes of the

sialic acid metabolism were differentially expressed in transparent and opaque pneumococcal colony variants [21]. Additionally the increased expression of this locus during infection [10, 24, 25], further underlines the importance of neuraminidases in the interaction of pneumococci with the host. It should be noted that most of the above work on pneumococcal virulence is done utilising

strain D39, which is unable to ferment sialic acid due to a frame shift in the neuraminate lyase of the nanAB locus [23, 31], a fact which apparently does not influence regulation of the locus and virulence of the bacterium. We have recently shown that the two ABC transporters of the nanAB locus, and also the sodium symporter of the nanC locus to a lesser extent, are not only involved in sialic acid uptake, but also this website in the transport of ManNAc, which represents the first metabolic intermediate in pneumococcal NeuNAc catabolism [23]. In this Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 work we focus our attention on the contribution of the nanAB locus, since deletion mutants for the nanC locus had been shown not to influence growth on ManNAc and NeuNAc during the first 18–24 hours of incubation, implying a limited or absent regulatory crosstalk between the two regulons [14, 23]. The two ABC transporters were shown to be able to support growth on amino sugars, with SPG1596-8 and SPG1589-91 being the main transporters for ManNAc and NeuNAc, respectively [23]. In this work we have combined genomic information, gene expression and growth phenotypes to further

clarify these data. When performing in silico analysis of the nanAB locus we observed the presence of part of the locus in related oral streptococci. Here we utilised this genomic information to strengthen the correlation between orthologous transporters and metabolic functions. S. sanguinis and S. gordonii, harbouring an operon including the orthologue of the SPG1596-8, were found to be able to efficiently metabolise ManNAc, but not NeuNAc. To the contrary S. mitis and S. oralis, which are much more closely related to pneumococci, harboured a locus, in addition to all the metabolic genes, also encoding for a neuraminidase and the orthologue of the satABC SPG1589-91 transporter [14]. The finding that S. mitis can efficiently metabolise NeuNAc and ManNAc, confirm that the substrate specificity identified for the pneumococcal transporters is generally well conserved in orthologues of related species [14].

In this study, M. hominis in a large number (≥ 104-105 color changing units -CCU- /ml) in the vagina and cervix were detected most often in women with salpingitis at laparoscopy. However,

the significance of this mycoplasma, especially when associated with BV, can be difficult to assess when several microorganisms are present [3, 5]. Otherwise, M. hominis has been linked to a variety of extragenital infections, such as septicaemia, septic arthritis, wound infection, brain and perirenal abscesses, mediastinistis and other infections in immunocompromised patients [5]. Any assessment of the pathogenic potential of M. hominis is complicated by the high degree of genomic and antigenic heterogeneity observed within

the species. A few molecular typing methods have been developed for M. hominis. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) [6, 7], restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis [8], amplified fragment length SAHA HDAC supplier polymorphism (AFLP) KU-57788 datasheet [9] and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RADP) [10] have been used to study the genetic diversity of this species. However, these methods are time-consuming, require a relatively large amount of biological material, may be difficult to reproduce and standardise between laboratories and generate results that are difficult to interpret. Other molecular typing methods based on sequence analyses of the p75, p120’ and vaa genes have been developed [11–13]. An MLST approach based on the sequence analysis of six housekeeping genes and one gene encoding a membrane protein was conducted for 20 M. hominis isolates [14]. However, this method was used

to estimate the frequency of recombination in M. hominis, rather than for genotyping. Multiple locus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) is new genotyping method based on the variation in the copy numbers of tandem repeat (TR) sequences at different genomic loci among isolates. MLVA has been used successfully to subtype certain Mycoplasma species [15–19]. Using the recently described M. hominis PG21 genome sequence [20], we developed an automated MLVA scheme, without a sequencing step, C59 order for M. hominis typing. This method was subsequently applied to a wide range of M. hominis clinical isolates from genital and extragenital infections collected between 1987 and 2009. We used MLVA to assess M. hominis genotypic diversity and characterise the pattern of human infections. Methods Ethics statement The present project is in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration (Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects). The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the “Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l’Innovation”, the research board of Bordeaux University hospital, Bordeaux, France. All patient data were anonymously reported, with no possibility of connecting the isolates and specimens to individual patients.

Jerez Chile Travis Jewett USA Yinduo Ji USA Rongrong Jiang Singapore Paul Johnston Germany Kathryn Jones USA Ryan Jones USA Kieran Jordan Ireland Hans Jørgen Lyngs Jørgensen Denmark Olivier Joubert France Estelle Jumas-Bilak France Tae Sung Jung South Korea Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes USA Klaus Jürgens Germany Praveen Juvvadi USA David Kadosh USA Fredrik Kahn Sweden Michael Kahn USA Jessica Kajfasz USA Chrysanthi Kalloniati Greece selleck compound Donata Kalthoff Germany Susan Kaminskyj Canada Biao Kan China Ramani Kandasamy India Drosos Karageorgopoulos Greece Nabil Karah Norway Magnus Karlsson Sweden Michihiko

Kataoka Japan Sophia Kathariou USA Lee Katz USA Michael Kaufman USA Kevin Kavanagh Ireland Daniel Kearns USA David Kelly UK Linda Kelly USA William Kelly New Zealand Jan Keltjens Netherlands David Kelvin Canada Nemat Keyhani USA Yoshitomo Kikuchi Japan Dong Wook Kim South Korea Amy Kirby USA David Kirchman USA Viswanath Kiron Norway Leif Kirsebom Sweden Mitsuo

Kishi Japan Haruki Kitazawa Japan Balaji Kithiganahalli India Marlise Klein USA Jörg Kleinschmidt Germany Laura Klepp Argentina Jeanna Klinth Sweden Olaf Kniemeyer Germany Christine Knox Australia Donald Kobayashi USA Ali Kocyigit Turkey Michio Koide Japan Satoshi Koike Japan Tadazumi Komiyama Japan Michael Konkel USA Konstantinos Kormas Greece Victoria Korolik Australia Selleckchem PCI32765 Akos T Kovacs Germany Bryan Krantz USA Jens Kreth USA Marco Aurelio Krieger Brazil Bastiaan Krom Netherlands

Andrew Kropinski Canada Terry Ann Krulwich USA Sidney Ksuhner USA Masae Kuboniwa Japan Ramesh Chander Kuhad India Katrin Kuhls Germany Andreas Kuhn UK Juliane Kühn Switzerland Ranjit Kumar USA Gotthard Kunze Germany Jozef Kur Poland Cletus Kurtzman USA Rahul Kuver USA Patrick Etoposide Kwan USA Maurizio Labbate Australia Richard Lamont USA Paolo Landini Italy Sue Lang UK Kerry Laplante USA Martin Lappann Germany Enrique Lara Switzerland Maria Lara-Tejero USA Christine Lascols USA Jürgen Lassak Germany Elena Lasunskaia Brazil Mallika Lavania India Vladimir Lazarevic Switzerland Hervé Le Moual Canada Sarah Lebeer Belgium Julie Ledford USA Leo Leduc Canada Byong Lee Canada Chia Lee USA Duu-Jong Lee Taiwan Jean Lee USA Michael Lehman USA Angelika Lehner Switzerland Ana Lúcia Leitão Portugal Francisco Lemos Brazil Metka Lenassi Slovenia Baptiste Leroy Belgium Endang Sri Lestari Indonesia Johan Leveau USA Celine Levesque Canada Shawn Lewenza Qatar Shawn Lewenza Canada Janina Lewis USA L.

Two of our Editorial Board members, H.J. Cleaves and J. Peter Gogarten, will be assuming Executive Editor positions. Since its inception, Origins of Life has been a one-man operation, with, successively, Cyril Ponnamperuma, Jim Ferris,

and myself as Editors. In today’s world of increasing specialization, it is becoming increasingly difficult for one editor to be sufficiently find more familiar with the entire breath of the journal’s coverage, or to easily identify and contact appropriate reviewers for every manuscript which is submitted. The new Executive Editors will act independently to stimulate, evaluate, and reach final decisions on new submissions within their areas of expertize. Jim Cleaves has a background in prebiotic chemistry, geochemistry and astrobiology. He is associated with the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Science, in Washington, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library solubility dmso D.C. Peter

Gogarten is a specialist in Molecular and Early Biological Evolution, and is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. I am delighted that I will able to rely on their increased involvement in OLEB in the future.”
“A retired west-coast (U.S.A.) business man has surprised the origin of life community by announcing a major prize for origin of life research. The $50,000 award and up to $2,000,000 in potential research funding are offered “…for the best original

proposal pertaining to the study of the origin of life on Earth, including an outline of work to be performed…” The sponsor of the prize, Harry Lonsdale, will announce the competition at ORIGINS 2011 in Montpellier (http://​www.​origins2011.​univ-montp2.​fr/​). While vaguely similar-sounding announcements have appeared before, this seems to be completely authentic and a panel of experts well-known to the community has been assembled to evaluate applications. Details can be found at: www.​originlife.​org. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial Edoxaban License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.”
“Introduction Even though the presence of sulfur-containing compounds in proteins had been known since the mid-19th century, it was only with the laborious work of John Mueller in the early 1920s that one of the components was identified as an amino acid other than cysteine. Using 45–68 kg of casein, Mueller successfully isolated 100–200 g of an amino acid that he assigned the empirical formula C5H11SNO2 (Mueller 1923a; Mueller 1923b).